Relative Importance Of Gender Research Articles

Affective variables and gender in SLA in primary education

Over the past decade, numerous studies have been carried out regarding affective variables in SLA. However, it has been shown that these variables should not be analysed in isolation. Factors such as gender, for example, should also be taken into consideration. This study looks at the importance of gender in relation to affective variables in primary students (M: 11.5). The results are consistent with previous studies, in that female respondents were shown to outperform their male counterparts in terms of affective variables (L2 motivation, L2 anxiety, L2 selves).

Parent–Adolescent Attachment and Interpersonal Relationships in Sports Teams: Exploring the Gender Differences

This study aimed to investigate how gender is related to parent–adolescent attachment and the perception of interpersonal relationships in sports teams. The second goal was to explore whether there are gender differences in the relations between adolescent attachment and their interpersonal relationships in sport-related contexts. The sample included 120 adolescents (59 girls), aged 12 to 15 years. The adolescents completed questionnaires regarding their attachment with their parents and the quality of the relationship with their best friend within the team. The adolescent social competence was rated by their team members and coaches. Compared to boys, girls reported higher levels of benefits of their relationship with their best friend and received higher ratings of social competence from their team mates and coaches. The strengths of the associations between attachment characteristics and interpersonal relationships, however, did not differ based on children’s gender. Our findings suggest the importance of gender in relation to attachment style and interpersonal relationships and reveal that the associations between these variables are similar across the gender group.

Child Sexual Abuse and Mandatory Reporting Intervention Preservice Content Preferred by Student Teachers

The importance of preservice university teacher training about child sexual abuse and its mandatory reporting intervention is addressed in educational literature, although very little is known about student teachers’ learning interests and preferences in this area. In this article, student teachers refer to students in university who are training to become teachers whose training includes teaching experiences in schools. This study examines the content about child sexual abuse and its intervention that student teachers believe they should learn. Results based on quantitative analyses show the relative importance of gender in determining responses to questions about university training and, to a lesser extent, the importance of a previous acquaintance with victims of sexual abuse, previous employment, and the length of the university course. Results based on qualitative data show that content knowledge preferred by elementary/primary and secondary school student teachers includes the teacher's role in mandatory reporting of child sexual abuse and signs, experiences, and responses to student disclosure. Student teachers prefer content examples of school professionals’ responses and procedures after disclosure and prefer direct learning content from intervening school professionals. These outcomes could usefully guide teachers and educators who design intervention curricula on child sexual abuse for preservice teachers.

College Students' Attitudes About Lesbians

The article reviews empirical studies on trends in attitudes toward lesbians and gay men and compares data from a 1985 survey of 297 students living in a college residence hall with data collected in 2001 when 152 students living in the same residence hall responded to a similar questionnaire. College students in 2001 expressed more accepting attitudes toward lesbians, reported more contact with lesbians, and assessed their parents' attitudes as more positive when compared with the 1985 sample. Consistent trends in the importance of these variables to the development of attitudes toward lesbians were shown, with gender role attitudes, parental attitudes, and exposure to education and media about gays and lesbians remaining the most important predictors. This suggests that strategies that discourage gender role stereotypes and provide educational and media experiences could increase acceptance of sexual minorities. Although gender was significant in 1985, there were no effects of gender in the 2001 sample. Continued study of trends in attitudes toward all sexual minorities and attention to the relative importance of gender and gender roles are recommended.

Theorizing Sexuality, Sexual Abuse and Residential Children's Homes: Adding Gender to the Equation

Summary This article is primarily concerned with emphasizing the importance of gender in relation to understanding and responding to sexuality and sexual abuse/exploita tion issues within residential children's homes. Initially, past research and inquiry reports are analysed and evaluated, not only in relation to their overall conclusions and recommendations, but also with regard to their consideration, misrepresenta tion or omission of gender issues. A theoretical framework is then drawn up which takes into account historical debates and contestations around notions of gender. This illustrates how gender is frequently conflated or merged with understandings about sex and sexuality. This theoretical conceptualization is then extended to consider the effects of the social construction of childhood and childhood sexuality, and how sex, gender and sexuality may commonly be represented and understood within organizational, public-sphere contexts. Important findings from a recent in depth qualitative research project focused on sexuality issues in children's homes are then presented thematically and through narrative excerpts. These findings are also located within and made comprehensible in relation to the theoretical frame work previously constructed. The conclusion examines the implications of the find ings presented and their theorization, and briefly evaluates the usefulness of recent policy initiatives intended to improve the care and development of 'looked after' children.

The Motivational Orientation of Army Aviators

This study examined the motivational orientation of U.S. Army aviators as well as their preferences and expectations for future flight experience. A sample of 116 aviators-in-training enrolled in the Army's Initial Entry Rotary Wing aviator course at Fort Rucker, Alabama, participated in the study. Despite the occupational paradigm for each type of aviator (e.g., commissioned officers will typically focus on administrative and leadership skills, whereas warrant officers will typically specialize on individual piloting skills) and current Army policies focused on warrant officer aviator retention (e.g., additional monetary compensation), it was hypothesized that the aviators would not significantly differ with respect to these variables. A multivariate analysis of variance indicated that commissioned officer and warrant officer aviators did not significantly differ with respect to motivational orientation, preferences for future flight experience, and expectations of future flight experience. Hierarchical regression models were then developed to determine the relative importance of gender, officer type, and motivational orientation toward the prediction of preferences for and expectations of future flight experience. Motivational orientation contributed significantly to the prediction of preferences, whereas officer type contributed significantly to the prediction of expectations of future flight experience. Implications of these findings with respect to retention and job satisfaction, as well as methodological limitations of the study and future research directions, are reported.

Madness in the Theater of Dario Fo and Franca Rame

This article traces the origins of madness in Dario Fo and Franca Rame's theatre both as a theatrical device and as a genuine illness. It identifies the main traits and differences of madmen and madwomen and where these originate in the Italian socio-political climate from the Sixties to the Nineties. Finally, it outlines(?) the importance of gender in relation to madness and its uses in the Fos' theatre.

Gender and insanity in nineteenth-century Ireland.

The nineteenth century was a period of considerable social, political, and economic change in Ireland, change that was demonstrated with particular force in relation to the care of the insane. This chapter seeks to examine some of the means through which the insane were re-figured in nineteenth-century Irish society, and looks in particular at popular conceptions of danger, the gender specificity or otherwise of insanity, and the question of celibacy as a precipitating factor in mental illness. The chapter seeks to engage with the ongoing debate in the history of psychiatry over the relative importance of gender as a factor in the admission, treatment, and discharge of the insane.

The Influence of Class Origins and Gender on Life Chances: The Case of Hungary and Top Managerial Positions

Since the 1980s there has been an ongoing theoretical debate in the Western literature on the significance of class and gender. The author's aim is to contribute to this debate by testing an empirical aspect previously neglected by researchers: the relative importance of gender compared with that of class. She looked at this aspect in a country in which research on gender is especially scarce: Hungary. The author investigated only one small and specific “slice” of this problem: the relevance of gender and class (measuring the class dimension with class origins) for a person's chances of becoming a top manager in 1993. Her goal was to document and draw attention to the fact that gender proved to be much greater importance from the point of view of live chances than class origins in Hungary. She offesr an explanation for this phenomenon and investigate the intersections of the effects of class origin and gender.

Problematizing gender, work and health: the relationship between gender, occupational grade, working conditions and minor morbidity in full-time bank employees

It is commonly asserted that while women have longer life expectancy than men, they have higher rates of morbidity, particularly for minor and psychological conditions. However, most research on gender and health has taken only limited account of the gendered distribution of social roles. Here we investigate gender differences in morbidity whilst controlling, as far as possible, for one major role, namely participation in paid employment. There is substantial segregation of the labour market by gender; men and women typically work different hours in different occupations which involve varying conditions and differing rewards and costs. Here, we examine men and women working full-time for the same employer. This paper reports on a postal survey of employees (1112 men and 1064 women) of a large British bank. It addresses three main questions: do gender differences in minor morbidity remain if we compare men and women who are employed in similar circumstances (same industry and employer)? What is the relative importance of gender, grade of employment within the organisation, perceived working conditions and orientation to gender roles for minor morbidity? Finally, are these factors related to health differentially for men and women? There were statistically significant gender differences amongst these full-time employees in recent experience of malaise symptoms, but not in physical symptoms or GHQ scores. Controlling for other factors did not reduce the gender differences in malaise scores and produced a weak, but significant, gender difference in GHQ scores. However, gender explained only a small proportion of variance, particularly in comparison with working conditions. Generally similar relationships between experience of work and occupational grade and morbidity were observed for men and women. Throughout the paper, we attempt to problematize gender, recognising that there are similarities between women and men and diversity amongst women and amongst men. However, we conclude that the gendered nature of much of adult life, including paid work, continues to shape the experiences and health of men and women at the end of the twentieth century.

The Dread of difference: gender and the horror film

An undying procession of sons of Dracula and daughters of darkness has animated the horror film genre from the beginning. Indeed, in this pioneering exploration of the cinema of fear, Barry Keith Grant and twenty other film critics posit that horror is always rooted in gender, particularly in anxieties about sexual difference and gender politics. The book opens with the influential theoretical works of Linda Williams, Carol J. Clover, and Barbara Creed. Subsequent essays explore the history of the genre, from classic horror such as King Kong and Bride of Frankenstein to the more recent Fatal Attraction and Bram Stoker's Dracula. Other topics covered include the work of horror auteurs David Cronenberg, Dario Argento, and George Romero; the Aliens trilogy; and the importance of gender in relation to horror marketing and reception. Other contributors include Vera Dika, Thomas Doherty, Lucy Fischer, Christopher Sharrett, Vivian Sobchack, Tony Williams, and Robin Wood. Writing across a full range of critical methods from classic psychoanalysis to feminism and postmodernism, they balance theoretical generalizations with close readings of films and discussions of figures associated with the genre. The Dread of Difference demonstrates that horror is hardly a uniformly masculine discourse. As these essays persuasively show, not only are horror movies about patriarchy and its fear of the feminine, but they also offer feminist critique and pleasure.

La théorie de Gottfredson : Travaux empiriques

Studies bearing on two complementary aspects of Gottfredson’s theory are reviewed. The two aspects are the structure of the cognitive map of occupations, and the relative importance of Gender, Social Status, and Interests. Results showed that the two-factor system proposed by Gottfredson (Gender x Social status) as structuring the cognitive map must be completed by at least one value-type factor. As concerns the relative importance of determinants, results were rather contradictory. The most interesting phenomenon was the considerable individual differences observed. Probably, the only significant level of analysis is the single subject level.